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In linguistics, raising constructions involve the movement of an argument from an embedded or subordinate clause to a matrix or main clause; in other words, a raising predicate/verb appears with a syntactic argument that is not its semantic argument, but is rather the semantic argument of an embedded predicate. Although English has raising constructions, not all languages do. The term ''raising'' has its origins in the transformational analysis of such constructions; the constituent in question is seen as being "raised" from its initial, deep structure position as the subject of the embedded predicate to its surface structure position in the matrix predicate/verb.〔Early seminal accounts of raising were produced by Rosenbaum (1967) and Postal (1974). See further Grinder and Elgin (1973:141ff.), Bach (1974:120ff., 146ff.), Emonds (1976:75ff.), Borsley (1996:126-144), Carnie (2007:285ff.).〕 Raising predicates/verbs are related to control predicates, although there are important differences between the two predicate/verb types. ==Examples== There are at least two types of raising predicates/verbs: raising-to-subject verbs and raising-to-object predicates. Raising-to-object predicates overlap to a large extent with so-called ECM-verbs (= exceptional case-marking). These types of raising predicates/verbs are illustrated with the following sentences: ::a. They seem to be trying. - ''seem'' is a raising-to-subject verb. ::b. Prices appear to be increasing. - ''appear'' is a raising-to-subject verb. ::c. You seem to be impatient. - ''seem'' is a raising to subject verb. ::a. Fred wants us to help. - ''want'' can be a raising-to-object predicate. ::b. That proves him to be hiding something. - ''prove'' can be a raising-to-object predicate. ::c. She predicts there to be a problem. - ''predict'' can be a raising-to-object predicate. The primary trait of raising predicates/verbs like these is that they are NOT semantically selecting one of their dependents.〔That raising predicates, unlike control predicates, do not semantically select one of their arguments is emphasized in all accounts of raising and control. See for instance van Riemsdijk and Williams (1986:130), Borsley (1996:133), Culicover (1997:102).〕 The raising-to-subject verbs are not selecting their subject dependent, and the raising-to-object predicates are not selecting their object dependent. These dependents appear to have been raised from the lower predicate. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Raising (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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